What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It commonly begins in childhood and may continue into adolescence and adulthood, affecting life’s academic, occupational, and social aspects. Early identification and appropriate intervention are vital for effective management.

Psychowellness Center, a leading mental health care provider in West Delhi, offers a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to diagnosing and treating ADHD. The center’s team of experienced professionals provides individualized care that addresses core symptoms, environmental challenges, and co-occurring issues.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) plays a crucial role in managing ADHD by helping individuals develop skills for time management, organization, and impulse control. At Psychowellness Center, therapy extends beyond behavior correction, focusing on empowerment, confidence-building, and long-term success. With structured support and expert guidance, meaningful improvement is possible.

Signs and Symptoms

ADHD symptoms are generally divided into two main categories: Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity. A person may present predominantly with one or both sets of symptoms.

Inattention

Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities
Seeming not to listen when spoken to directly
Avoidance of tasks requiring sustained mental effort
Often loses necessary items (e.g., books, keys, school materials)
Easily distracted by external stimuli or unrelated thoughts
Forgetfulness in daily activities

Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

Fidgeting or squirming in seats
Difficulty remaining seated when expected
Running or climbing in inappropriate situations (in children)
Talking excessively
Interrupting others or blurting out answers
Difficulty waiting for their turn
Acting without considering consequences

Types of ADHD

There are three types of ADHD

ADHD – Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
Mainly characterized by inattentiveness without significant hyperactivity or impulsivity.

ADHD – Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
Primarily marked by hyperactivity and impulsivity, with less prominent issues related to attention.

ADHD – Combined Presentation
Symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity are present and equally disruptive.

Treatment

ADHD is highly manageable with a combination of therapies, medication, and environmental support.

Medication

Prescribed by a psychiatrist, medications can significantly reduce symptoms:

Stimulants (e.g., Methylphenidate, Amphetamine-based): First-line treatment, highly effective
Non-stimulants (e.g., Atomoxetine, Guanfacine): Used when stimulants aren’t suitable or effective
Adjunct medications for co-existing issues like anxiety or sleep difficulties

Psychotherapy

Therapy aims to equip individuals with practical skills for managing behavior and improving daily functioning.

How Therapy Works

Goals of Therapy:

Enhancing self-awareness and emotional regulation
Building organizational and problem-solving skills
Supporting academic and social success
Educating parents and caregivers
Addressing co-existing issues like anxiety or low self-esteem

Evidence-Based Therapies:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Teaches self-monitoring, task breakdown, and cognitive restructuring
Improves planning and goal-setting abilities

Behavior Therapy (BT)

Uses reward systems, positive reinforcement, and consistent consequences
Often involves parents and teachers

Parent Management Training (PMT)

Equips caregivers with tools to manage child’s behavior effectively
Encourages consistent routines and clear expectations

Social Skills Training

Helps individuals develop better communication, cooperation, and problem-solving abilities

Psychoeducation

Increases awareness and acceptance of ADHD
Promotes treatment adherence and adaptive strategies for home/school/work life

Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact cause is unclear, ADHD appears to result from a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors.

Biological Factors

Irregularities in brain structure and function, especially in areas managing attention and impulse control
Neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., dopamine and norepinephrine)

Genetic Factors

Strong hereditary component; ADHD often runs in families

Psychosocial and Environmental Factors

Prenatal exposure to toxins (e.g., alcohol, tobacco)
Premature birth or low birth weight
Early childhood adversity or trauma
Parenting style and chaotic environments can worsen symptoms, though not direct causes

Assssments and Diagnosis

Clinical Interview and History Taking

Mental health professionals gather a detailed developmental, academic, behavioral, and family history to identify patterns of ADHD symptoms across settings.

Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5-TR)

ADHD is diagnosed based on specific criteria listed in the DSM-5-TR. Symptoms must:

Be present before the age of 12
Persist for at least 6 months
Cause significant impairment in two or more settings (e.g., school, home, work)

Psychological Assessments and Tools

Conners’ Rating Scales (Parent/Teacher versions)
Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scales
ADHD Rating Scale-IV
Continuous Performance Test (CPT)

Medical Evaluation

To rule out other medical causes or co-existing conditions (e.g., hearing impairments, sleep disorders)

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)