Autism Spectrum Disorder

SYMPTOMS

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Autism signs typically appear by age 2–3, but some developmental delays can be identified as early as 18 months.

Communication Difficulties:

Delayed speech and language skills
Difficulty starting or maintaining conversations
Repeating words or phrases (echolalia)
Limited use of gestures or facial expressions

Social Challenges:

Difficulty making eye contact
Trouble understanding others’ feelings or social cues
Limited interest in peers or forming friendships
Preference for playing alone

Behavioral Patterns:

Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand-flapping, rocking)
Strict adherence to routines; distress over changes
Intense interest in specific topics or objects
Atypical reactions to sensory stimuli, such as heightened sensitivity to noise, physical contact, or brightness.

Types of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (covers previously distinct diagnoses like Asperger’s Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, etc.)
With or without intellectual/language impairment
Levels of support needed:
- Level 1: Requiring support
- Level 2: Requiring substantial support
- Level 3: Requiring very substantial support

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of autism is not fully understood, but multiple factors may contribute:

Biological and Genetic Factors:

Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities
Family history of ASD or other developmental disorders

Environmental Factors:

Prenatal exposure to infections, drugs, or pollutants
Complications during birth or low birth weight

Note: Vaccines have been scientifically proven not to cause autism.

Assessments and Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically based on:

Developmental Screening: Early detection through checklists and observation
Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation: Conducted by specialists using tools like ADOS-2 (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule)
Parent or caregiver interviews: Gaining insight into the child’s behavior across various environments.
Multidisciplinary Team Approach: Involving psychologists, pediatricians, speech therapists, and occupational therapists

Early diagnosis allows timely access to interventions that can significantly improve outcomes.

Treatment and Management

While autism cannot be cured, numerous therapies are available to help manage symptoms and support developmental progress.

Behavioral Therapies:

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Builds social, communication, and learning skills
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Aims to improve emotional regulation and reduce anxiety.

Speech and Language Therapy:

Improves verbal and non-verbal communication abilities

Occupational Therapy:

Focuses on sensory integration and daily living skills

Social Skills Training:

Teaches how to engage in group settings, form friendships, and read social cues

Parent Training and Support:

Equips caregivers with strategies to support development at home

Special Education and IEPs:

Individualized education plans tailored to the child’s learning style

Support at Psychowellness Center

Child Psychologists & ABA Specialists
Customized Therapy Plans based on developmental assessments
Parental Counseling and Family Support
Collaboration with Schools for inclusive education
Awareness Workshops and Autism-Friendly Programs

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?